Fortification of the muslim pdf

It is based on the accumulation of obstacles, i. Some of them are ordinary banks of earth, others are levees, partly or fully equipped with stone works. At Hangal Dharwar district figs. At Tanjavur district of the same name , archaeologists have found around the city a mud wall probably earlier than the 14th century , 7 m high and 6 km long, with stone facing at its lowermost portion.

Oval in shape, it surrounds the western part of the modem town, encompassing the stronghold of Tanjavur and the small fort of Sivaganga. Vijayanagara Bellary district was encircled by several barriers. The Persian Abdur Razzak who visited the place in says that there were seven revetted enclosures and that the distance between the first and the seventh was 2 parasang, i. Outside the city, in a zone covered with all kinds of inselbergs, there are but a few vestiges of these constructions.

Hangal after a drawing by S. Hangal, section through the enclosures after a drawing by S. Warangal: The three enclosures after I. Sharma, in Pandu Ranga Rao, op. It is at Warangal fig. To the south-west of the modern town three concentric defensive lines were erected.

In any case, it corresponds to a distinctive defence system In places, the earth is held by a low rubble surface, which is a part of a retaining wall. The entrances seen today are obviously Muslim structures photo 9. As no traces of Hindu constructions are found, it is assumed that originally the openings through this barrier were rudimentary, because, if massive stone gateways had existed there, invaders would have preserved them, as they have done for the inner fort.

First, because of the depth of the ditch and the slope of the embankment outside the enclosure, they were intended to block the impetus of the attackers and put the enemy in a position of inferiority; secondly, because of their circular form, inside the walls, they were to make the movements of the defenders easier towards the most vulnerable points during an attack. And it would not be surprising to find such earthworks at excavation sites in the immediate future. On the Maisur plateau, Halebid Hassan district , capital of the Hoysala kingdom for three centuries but plundered by Malik Kafur at the beginning of the 14th century , was surrounded by a solid enclosure connecting several ponds whose vestiges still remain.

A plan of the site drawn by the Mysore Archaeological Department is reproduced here with some corrections and additions 17 fig. After the seventeenth tower there is a cut in the levee corresponding to an ancient gate, in part faced with masonry, describing a zigzag course. In Malkhed Gulbarga district fig. The most recent, situated inside the other one and dating from the Muslim period could have been built between the 9th and 12th century.

Polygonal in plan, m long, broken by 39 rectangular towers, each measuring 5 x 3 m, and positioned at regular intervals of 30 to 40 m, the enclosure is edged with a ditch connected to the river that protects the western side. The original parapets have disappeared and have been replaced by battlements of a later period. On the western side, the base of the enclosure is reinforced by huge blocks of stone to fight against the current of the river.

The northwest gate forms a path, 3 m wide with, on both sides, a guardroom and a staircase leading to the chemin-de-ronde later two semicircular towers were added.

The Muslims built the inner fort in the second half of the 15th century and, at the same time, renovated completely the old citadel. At Raichur district of the same name fig. The Muslim rampart, dating from the Bahmani and Add Shahi periods, oval in shape, punctuated with semicircular towers and constructed of rough stone masonry with mortar, contrasts with the Hindu fortification it encircles.

The latter follows an irregular quadrilateral, made of rectilinear segments, cut by successive recesses forming right angles and flanked by quadrangular towers photo It is made of huge blocks of well-dressed and nicely fitted stones without any cementing material. On one slab in the western inner wall, measuring 12 m, an ancient Canarese inscription records the construction of the fort in 19 the process by which this block was brought to the site from the quarry, laden on two solid-wheeled carts connected by a strong beam and drawn by a long team of buffaloes is here depicted.

Malkhed: the two forts after a drawing by S. Raichur: the two forts after G. Warangal: the western gate after N. Ramachandra Murthy, op. Earthworks and masonry fortifications 12thth century. Warangal, 2nd enclosure, east entrance through the enormous earth embankment. Raichur, curtain walls made of rectilinear segments flanked by quadrangular towers.

Parapet made of large horizontal blocks with rectangular notches. It is a massive circular granite construction with a perimeter of 6 km, surrounded by a deep moat and flanked by 46 rectangular towers and 4 monumental gates, built during the same period as the second ring of walls described above, i.

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Running time: 3 hours. Add to wish list Compare Share Tweet. Your name. Your rating Excellent! Very Good Average Fair Poor. Your message. Anti-bot validation. And ask of You for the best of what You know, and I seek refuge with You from the evil of what You know and I seek forgiveness for that which You know.

Indeed You are the One who knows the unseen. Translated by Abbas Abu Yahya. Transliteration slightly edited by AbdurRahman Meda.

O Allah, apportion to us such fear as should serve as a barrier between us and acts of disobedience; and such obedience as will take us to Your Jannah; and such as will make easy for us to bear in the calamities of this world. Do you feel sick? With the Name of Allah, I recite over you to cleanse you from all that troubles you, and from every harmful mischief and from the evil of the eyes of an envier. Allah will cure you; and with the Name of Allah, I recite over you.

O Allaah, set right my religion, which is the safeguard of my affairs; and set right my world, wherein is my living; and set right my next life, to which is my return, And make life for me an increase in all good and make death a relief for me from every evil. And if you have debt like the mountain of Seer, Allah will pay it off for you.

Narrated by al-Tirmidhi ; classed as hasan sound by al-Albani in Saheeh al-Tirmidhi. O Allah, I seek refuge in You from grief and sadness, from weakness and from laziness, from miserliness and from cowardice, from being overcome by debt and overpowered by men i. The One Who has no parent and no child, and there is none like Him.

Posted from : www. Allaahumma innee as-aluka annee ash-hadu annaka antAllaahu laa ilaaha illaa anta, al-ahadu as-samadu, alladhee lam yalid wa lam yoolad, wa lam yakullahu kufuwan ahad. O Allah, I seek Your forgiveness and Your protection in this world and the next. O Allah, I seek Your forgiveness and Your protection in my religion, in my worldly affairs, in my family and in my wealth. O Allah, conceal my secrets and preserve me from anguish.

O Allah, guard me from what is in front of me and behind me, from my left, and from my right, and from above me. I seek refuge in Your Greatness from being struck down from beneath me. None has the right to be worshipped but Allah alone, Who has no partner. His is the dominion and His is the praise, and He is Able to do all things. We have indeed believed, so forgive us our sins and save us from the punishment of the Fire. The following is taken from Tafsir Ibn Kathir dar-us-salam publications.

The Supplication of Al-Muttaqin. Therefore, forgive us our errors and shortcomings, with Your bounty and mercy,. We have reached the morning and at this very time unto Allah belongs all sovereignty, and all praise is for Allah. None has the right to be worshipped except Allah, alone, without partner, to Him belongs all sovereignty and praise and He is over all things omnipotent.

My Lord, I ask You for the good of this day and the good of what follows it and I take refuge in You from the evil of this day and the evil of what follows it. My Lord, I take refuge in You from laziness and senility. My Lord, I take refuge in You from torment in the Fire and punishment in the grave. I ask You for all good: that which is in the present and that which is in the future, that which I know from it and that which I do not know; and I seek refuge with You from all evil: that which is in the present and that which is in the future, that which I know from it and that which I do not know.

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